Gambling in the United States Essay - 570 Words

Gambling in the United States Gambling has increased in the last couple of years. Is it because people are addicted? There are two types of gambling: Compulsive Gambling and pathological gambling. Compulsive Gambling is when people have a hard time resisting to gamble. Pathological Gambling is when there is a need to gamble for money or for large amounts of money. Also people don’t know when to quit when they are pathological gamblers. Both types of gambling have major side effects, and can both lead to serious gambling problems. â€Å"Studies show that 82% of people gamble. In 1975 only 61% gambled (Richard E. Vatz).† Gambling has increased rapidly in the United States. Many Americans who gamble often lose more than†¦show more content†¦Vatz).† Families may see these signs with a family member who gambles excessively. There are help lines to call if there is a problem. Gambling has been around for many years. â€Å"Gambling has been around as early as 1775(Richard E. Vatz).† â€Å"Dice and playing cards can be traced back to primitive people who cast bones or sticks into the air. Even in this country’s early history there was a lottery to raise money for the colonial army in 1775 (Lee S. Weinberg).† Even in the old days people used to gamble. As gambling grows in the United States it continues to be a problem. Compulsive gambling is diagnosable, it is a treatable illness that affects the gambler. Its not like a drug, but its just as bad as a drug addiction. There are many negative setbacks to gambling. Such as there is a lot of potential for crimes, or murders. People that lose money and are sore losers may say they â€Å"got cheated.† They may want there money back and cant get it, so it could carry on to a fight. Fights lead to jail, and sometimes death. A definition of gambling is â€Å"to play any game at a chance for stakes.† Gambling is also a sin, in the bible it says that you should not gamble. Therefor if you gamble you are doing wrong. 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MMOGs (massively multiplayer online games) and their rise across the net Free Essays

string(104) " specialised processor that runs calculations of advanced image processing especially 3D Graphics\(2\)\." Introduction MMOGs are an abbreviation for Massively Multiplayer Online Game. This is a video game which is capable of supporting hundreds and thousands of players interacting with this running video. Gaming platforms have become diverse and a universal game environment is supported. We will write a custom essay sample on MMOGs (massively multiplayer online games) and their rise across the net or any similar topic only for you Order Now MMOGs require specific hardware and software to play and be a part of these online games. Firstly a Personal Computer (PC), keyboard, mouse, screen, graphics card, sound card, speakers, head sets, a suitable operating system, sufficient RAM, a hard disk needs to be present. If required, joysticks can also be used to play these games for the best gaming experience. The operating system (OS) is a key requirement needed in all PCs to play a MMOG. The hardware connects to the BIOS which is connected to the OS connecting the low level machine code to the application software which is high level language such as JAVA and COBOL. Consequently connection to the graphics driver, gaming code then straight to the virtual world it is connected to. The OSI model is responsible for effective communication of data through each layer on the PC and the servers machine. Therefore when a user is playing a game the data will flow from the gateway server to the log in or zone server to the world server into the database which is where the data for MMOG is stored. MMOGs can be played by it connection to a game server. A game server is a remotely or locally run server used by game clients to play MMOGs or video games. Most video games played over the Internet operate via a connection to a game server usually via different networks connected through cables, tracks and busses from the motherboard to the gaming server. A user will connect to a MMOG using an internet connection where the user’s actions will be sent to and retrieved by a server which then calculated a new game state and send this back through the linked connection to the player, with the series of actions repeating. Furthermore, as multi-platform game technology continues to grow, this allows one game to be played in a different platform concurrently, as advances in the development of distributed game server including the less popular listen server technology is necessary to support large numbers of parallel game including their users safely when playing online. MMOGs, in which large numbers of users play a game in the same virtual gaming world, is a big field of heavy server loads due to game event handling, this leads to problems of latency server, client packet loss. This graph shows the amount of MMOGs have been subscribed to since 1997. It shows that more and more people are becoming attracted to playing MMOGS up until 2008 as the graph does not go any further. The most popular game that is shown is World of Warcraft with over ten million subscribers to the game. Personal Computer or Console As online gaming enters the mainstream, system requirements of the personal computer (PC) are moving tremendously in performance. The key issue is that online gamine needs to meet the growing necessities of gamers and online gaming membership. In order to facilitate this, games must have a powerful processor to maximise the game playing experience. The processors role is vital to any computer as it manages the entire system for example where to start and stop executing commands inputted by the user. The processor will fetch data needed by the instruction commanded by the user and returning this processed instruction after execution, then again fetching instructions inputted for example the user loads a game. Consequently after the control unit has fetched, executed and decoded an instruction the program counter holds the address of the next instruction within the memory for example the user has clicked on start game after loading the game. The instruction pointer keeps track of where in the program the instruction has reached. in a system starting from input from a joystick for example into the memory where it is processed and stored if needed with the necessary output given in the form of for example moving 3d images on the screen. The processor manages multiple roles as it carries out many instructions and thus becomes complex for running the operating system (OS) (1), the web browser or the downloaded Massively Multiplayer Online Games (MMOG).Therefore the better the processor the faster the quality/ performance when playing a MMOG without any pauses and halts. The latest Intel i7 2.8 GHz processor containing 8 cores for 8 way multi-tasking and an L3 Cache which delivers top class performance during game playing. Random access memory (RAM) is used to temporarily store the applications used to play the MMOGS allows reading and writing to be carried out. RAM is volatile memory as when there is no power sourced to the RAM, data cannot be retained(1). The highest amount of RAM available is 8GB DDR3, continually expanding. Hence the more RAM the more available space the PC has to store the current game being played. The hard disk, secondary memory can be used to store a game or the application needed to play the game. This uses sequential access which contains rotating disks (3). It works by looking up data needed to be processed from the game players input processing this data from the calculations made in the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and saves it in the cache which is a high temporary storage place that makes and answers requests. The hard disks capacity can now increase up to 1terabtye within newer PC’s. The GPU forms the core of the graphics card that usually sits inside a slot on the motherboard(10) but sometimes it is pre integrated into the motherboard. It roles and responsibilities for processing images, creating the picture displayed by the monitor for example the 3d moving images in MMOGs. The GPU is a specialised processor that runs calculations of advanced image processing especially 3D Graphics(2). You read "MMOGs (massively multiplayer online games) and their rise across the net" in category "Essay examples" The GPU contains a separate processing unit as it stores images before displaying them. The graphics card is able to allocate slots when viewing 3D scenes for instance in MMOGs similar to the CPU where it can process data for example dual core processors which can carry out two instructions at the same time. The GPU enables a third processor to process its own data speeding up operations such as playing games which are wholly based on images, 3d images and moving image s within the computer for example speeding up the sequence of the images played from the game(2). The GPU talks to the frame buffer to designate parts of memory used to store images before viewing it. RAM DAC, random access memory digital to analogue coveter converts the digital images stored in the frame buffer into analogue, which is then sent to the screen to be displayed. The GPU also contains BIOS similar to the CPU, which loads when the computer starts(2). The interface connects the graphics card to the motherboard requiring high broadband necessary for displaying video clips and 3d images within games(2). The basic sound card is printed on the circuit board, which uses analogue to digital AC DC converter and a PIC interface card to connect to the motherboard and input output connectors for microphone and speakers(6). The sound card enables sounds to be heard from the speakers or gaming headset for audible effects when playing MMOG’s creating different moods and scenes. The screen often referred to as a monitor, where by the display is the most common form of used output, with feedback in the form of text and graphical images used to view the game when it is being played(5). Most desktop screens use liquid crystal display (LCD) or cathode ray tube (CRT) technology. For an ultra-sharp Display when playing games the TFT active matrix 24in – Widescreen, with a Max Resolution of 1920 x 1200, Colour Support of 16.7 million colours. Other output devices include speakers and a gaming 2.4GHz head set. The function of a keyboard as an input device where people can type, inputting data, use shortcuts to control many programmes, access menus also games(7). The keyboard also includes control keys providing cursor and screen control which is needed to play many MMOGs for example using the left, right, up and down arrows(7). There are many types of mice an input device; the main ones include a mechanical scroll mouse, optical mouse and a track ball mouse(8). A laser point mouse which uses light-emitting diodes (LED) or laser as a way of tracking movements is the most common enabling MMOGs to be played easier due to its swift broad movements making game playing easier as there is no wire attached.Other mice include of foot mouse for disabled people, joystick mouse for gamers and a touch pad mouse. Lastly a common input device, the joystick which helps gamers to truly personalise their gaming and flight stimulation experiences. This includes a dual throttle lever for control of a multi-engine aircraft, twisted axes, adjustable hat switches, scroll buttons and trigger buttons to enable MMOGs to be played in a variety of ways making them more interesting. Many of these input and output devices can have an interface with PCs by serial ports and USB. Network Server A game server is a remotely run or a locally run server which can be used by gamers to play MMOGs. Most games that are played over the internet function by having a connection to a game server. Thus online game ply is impacted bythe network characteristics of players that are at one time connected to the game server. Many online games allow a choice from a wide range of servers available. This is the case for many MMOGs as users can run their own servers allowing players to connect from anywhere on the internet. This is known as a listen server, a dedicated server also exists. These are the two types of servers used to play MMOGs. Listen servers are peer to peer servers which run on the same PC as the gamer client. When the gamer disconnects this server is shut down because the server and the host client are run symmetrically. This means that the game must be transferred to another player or end completely which is not preferred on a big server as the host needs to either stay online wasting slots in the server and computer power possibly slowing the game or ending the game for all other players. Due to the small processing size listen servers will also not be able to handle the client’s game, server processing and the hack detection as it is difficult to function correctly without the required processing power. Although they are easy to set up by simply creating a new game then allowing players to join. Also the user only requires one PC in contrast to a dedicated server that either allows client to host the server or play a game. The client cannot physically do both unless there is a second PC/ machin e. Dedicated servers are client to peer which run independently of the clients. They are set up on a separate PC which is often hosted in a data centre. This means that they will have a high processor for high amounts of processing and high bandwidth as it does not need to share a CPU with the players game. In general dedicated servers are the preferred method of hosting game servers for most PC based MMOGs. It is beneficial to those who demand more control, the freedom to install multiple games onto the server. Due to its general processing ability it can then support a huge number of players at the same time. Network Connection What level of network quality service should be provided to maintain a satisfactory gaming experienceThe network has a huge impact on MMOGs. Having a reliable network connection means that players are able to log onto a network online which is available and use the services provided such as playing games buying game subscriptions etc. Without a network connection MMOGs cannot be played. Kuan et al have found that network delay and network loss significantly affect a players willingness to continue playing a game. MMOGs depend upon the network connection for their operation on the speed and reliability of this network connection. Firstly bandwidth which is the average rate of successful data transfer through a communications path which is usually measured in kilobits and megabits per second. The more bandwidth available more data can be transferred through the Ethernet cable for playing MMOGs. In contrast latency is delay, the amount of time it takes a packet to travel from its source to its destination. A low latency network connection will experience small delays whereas playing a MMOG on a high latency network connection will generally be prone to more delays which can be expressed in mili seconds. One way which latency can be measured is small packets of miniature data (32 bytes) is sent to the host and the round time trip (RTT), the time it takes for the packet to leave the sourced address travels to its destination and sent back is then measured. When playing MMOGs the more bandwidth ava ilable more data will be transferred during a second speeding up game play. Also the less the latency the less delay it will take for each pat of the game to be displayed without pauses and stops. Thus the combination of latency and bandwidth gives the user a perception of how quickly the game can be played and necessary data transformed. Server packet loss rate is also another factor that affects speed and reliability of a network connection in MMOGs. This concerns the loss of ratio packets sent from the game server to the player which credits for added latency before state updates or game messages are presented on the screen to the players. Client packet loss rate concerns the loss ratio of packets sent to the game server by players which credits for added latency before a players commands can be handled by the game server as loss detection and recovery cost precious time. This general diagram shows the process when playing MMOGs in real time. The client is playing a game and their actions are received by the server and it then calculates the game state, which is then sent, then the server again does new actions which is received by the server and it then calculates the new game state, thus sending this new game state back to the pc and this cycle continues until the user has finished playing the game. In more detail MMOGs often use distributed servers which are required to support a large number of concurrent games. The data is sent from the user to the gateway server which passes on the information to the zone or login server which then goes to the world sever connecting to the database of the game that is being played, the new data is then sent back through these severs back to the user’s PC. This data is sent using the CPU or the micro-processor which connected to all the elements of the computers components for example the games input and output elements via cables and he bus which is a sub system used for the transfer of data between the different computer components and the networks which enable the PC to connect to the gaming server(1). This is called Serial Advanced Technology Attachment(5). The busses are highly flexible as they can become external busses, in connecting different machines together such as connecting to the game server. The communication between the server and the game client can be divided into three main sections. This figure provides an outline of the architecture which illustrates the physical and logical layout of the game application and the communications legitimized between the server and the game clients. The data access layer within extracts the database from the application allows the systems to retrieve data representing objects in the database. The application layer system features implemental of users, online games, game modes, game states etc. Lastly the presentation layer which consists of HTML and java scrip, basic page templates and display, dynamic views of the system are presented to the user. Operating Systems Game Playing Software An operating system (OS) can be said to be a system software which is responsible for direct control and managing of input, output hardware and basic system operations. In addition it is a foundation upon which the application software such as web browsers and gaming software can be run. A operating system that can be used to play games on is Windows 7 a 64 bit operating system. The role of the OS is to manage the hardware and software resources and interact with the data and its presentation. OS process management ensures that for example if the game is being played it receives sufficient process time for the expert functioning also states that the processor is used to its optimum capacity. OS storage management allocates the relevant or necessary memory space for the game application and its connected hardware in the one of the different available memories for effective and optimum processing of information. OS device management manages input output devices, programs with device drivers conjoined with the OS controls the flow of information with allocation of system resources to ensure correct input and output from for example the joystick. Lastly the OS user interface provides a consistent way of communication between the user and the game being played for example if one was playing the game in real time efficient communication would be needed to be prese nt. A general game server needs a kernel 2.0.24 or better and a good OS for example Linux. Linux is a good in distributed networking game servers. This is because it gives incredible performance to host the games compared to bulky terminals. Also it is thus possible to customise it to the hardware and load requirements of the game which is being hosted as it uses a user friendly kernel configuration file as well as the full source availability for this kernel. The Linux OS system resources receive sufficient processing time and the processor being used to its optimum capacity when hosting a game. It can also manage input and output well including managing the data to host the game extremely well. The game playing software can both be bought and downloaded online, or from a shop where by the games software will be present on a cd. This software is then installed on a PC ready for the gamer to play. It interacts with the data from the internet as it established a connection with the server and the OS along with the internet can transmit and receive data which is then converted from binary data into a high level language that the PC understands such as java, COBOL. This language is then then transferred into graphical moving images which the user can interpret and understand and continue to play the game for example the user will know if he has been shot or he has killed a person. The game servers use specialised software of the game which the server is dedicated to although it will contain different data as in order to run a game on a game server it has to be able to host games etc. which normal game playing software cannot do. The game servers game software interacts with data similarly via the internet by establishing a connection with a sever which then can connect to a player and thus the game can be successfully played. The game server is a distinct process, usually upon a different machine, which retains information on whichever virtual world it supports at that particular time. It converses with the game clients used by the players to retain global information about joint locations, player interaction. For example, each player will have different window into their joint virtual location depending on where they are in the game. The scenes accessible to the players must be consistent so if one player changes the state of an object for example, that objec t must exist for all the other players and be in the same state. Although Presentation does not need to be considered as the gamers do not see what goes on inside a gaming server although those who maintain gaming servers need the data to be available in a readable form so that with their technical knowledge they can successfully manage the game server. The games engine works by the operating system loading the game server onto its system including the graphic drivers. The server connects to the network code and other instances of the game. This then connects to the gaming code for example a high level language then connecting to the virtual worlds where many players can play the MMOG. Conclusion Online games have continued to increase in popularity, with the MMOGs being played over a type of computer network connected to the internet starting with the basic hardware, this needs to be up to date with the latest hardware installed in the pc for example keyboards, joysticks need to be compatible with the game that is being played. For the best gaming experience a NVIDIA graphics card which has its own separate processor, a good quality sound card with speakers are needed. This increase in popularity of online gaming has resulted to the huge growth of the internet, different network connections are now available, these include peer to peer and client server architectures which enables anyone with a connection to the network, internet is able to play a MMOG and interact even in real time with other players due to the high processing ability on servers networks are now able to support many millions of players. Although bandwidth and better network connections are increasing and have become present in the busses and cables this does not mean that the network connection is completely reliable. Due to the millions of client’s connection to a game or several games at different times this can still lead to problems of latency where packets take longer to reach their destination so this could bring about small pauses in the MMOG. Also some locations such as remote locations may receive less bandwidth which then in turn affects the game as the game play will decrease especially if it is in real time as this data travels from the user, to the log in server, zone server, and world server to the databases. MMOGs require the OSI mode to function in which the important parts, the data access layer executes the database from the MMOG application. Following the application layer features implementations of clients, game modes etc. as lastly the presentation presents the displays and dynamic views of the game to clients. Therefore as technology grows the scope for playing MMOGs increases as better facilities are provided and are constantly developing to do so. Referencing (1) Douglas E Comer, 2005, â€Å"Essentials of Computer Architecture†, Pearson Education International. (2)Anonymous, â€Å"Graphics card- video card†, http://www.intelligenceunited.com/?p=2438 [Accessed: 22/11/2010] (3)Pete Jinks, â€Å"Magnetic disk storage†, http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/~pjj/cs1011/filestore/node4.html [Accessed: 30/01/2011] (4)Anonymous, â€Å"Expansion card†, http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/expacard.htm[Accessed: 22/11/2010] (5)Jeff Tyson, Tracy V. Wilson, â€Å"How computer keyboard work†, http://computer.howstuffworks.com/keyboard.htm [Accessed: 20/12/2010] (6)Anonymous, â€Å"Kinds of sound cards†, http://www.shaktitechnology.com/winshakti/demo/shakti_demo/sound_card_types.htm [Accessed: 19/11/2010] (7)Jeff Tyson, Tracy V. 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Computing. http://www.intel.com/references/pdfs/gameservers.pdf [Accessed: 30/03/2011 ] (25) SourceForts Mod Team, ‘Hardware’ http://www.sourcefortsmod.com/index.php?p=site_info_linux [Accessed: 30/03/2011 ] (26) ‘Gaming/Input Devices’ http://gamesandlottos.com/computers/Gaming/Input-Devices.html [Accessed: 30/03/2011 ] (27) Victor Epand, ‘The Input Devices of Modern Games’, http://EzineArticles.com/1265625, http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Input-Devices-of-Modern-Gamesid=1265625 [Accessed: 30/03/2011 ] (28) Anonymous, ‘Dell UltraSharp 2408WFP’ http://reviews.cnet.com/lcd-monitors/dell-ultrasharp-2408wfp/4507-3174_7-32886455.html?tag=specs [Accessed: 30/03/2011] (29)bandwidth latency, mkdelfino, ‘What is a Dedicated Game Server?’ http://hubpages.com/hub/What-is-a-Dedicated-Game-Server [Accessed: 30/03/2011 (30) Anonymous, ‘Game engine design: Multiplayer and listen servers’ http://gamedev.stackexchange.com/questions/9081/game-engine-design-multiplayer-and-listen-servers [Accessed: ] (31) A Publication of The Cobb Group, ‘Client-server versus peer-to-peer’ http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc751396.aspx [Accessed: 30/03/2011] (32) os game playing software used, Anonymous, ‘GLOSSARY’ www.brandywinecomm.com/resources/glossary [Accessed: 30/03/2011] (33)Anonymous, ‘Basics of Operating Systems’ http://www.altiusdirectory.com/Computers/operating-systems.html [Accessed: 30/03/2011] How to cite MMOGs (massively multiplayer online games) and their rise across the net, Essay examples

Formulative Lens Of Othello Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Formulative Lens Of Othello Essay, Research Paper Formulative Lenss The Tragedy of Othello by William Shakespeare is a great work by a great writer. Shakespeare was right in titling it The Tragedy of Othello because Othello lost so much. In the literary sense, a calamity is the ruin of a character through that character # 8217 ; s ain defects. The manner most people see a calamity is a narrative where there is much agony and loss, and a non so happy stoping. No affair manner one looks at it, literary or public sense, this was a right rubric. The chief character, Othello, brought his ain ruin upon him through his defects, caused the agony of many people, and he himself loss really much. All of these factors pile up to be a large calamity. The biggest things that one notices in the secret plan, are the great losingss incurred by Othello. A cardinal loss of Othello was that of his best comrade, his married woman, Desdemona. Desdemona was the closest individual to him ; no 1 can acquire closer to a cat than his married woman. They were able to portion their ideas with each other and that is really powerful. The unfortunate portion to it was that it merely took a twosome untruthful words from Iago to alter Othello # 8217 ; s sentiment of her. # 8220 ; O, beware, my Godhead, of green-eyed monster! / It is the green eyed monster # 8230 ; # 8221 ; ( III, three ) . From words like this, and merely a little more suggestions, Othello killed his married woman. Its difficult to believe that merely a few well-placed words like this started a concatenation reaction that caused great injury to Othello. Another is how Othello lost his friends, and is faith in them. By the terminal of the narrative, Othello has lost likely his best friend he had in Cassio. He lost Cassio because he did non swear him ; Othello thought Cassio was his enemy. Othello believed in Iago so much that he forgot about others. And this trust in Iago was wrongly placed ; he turned out to be his true enemy. Othello brought this upon himself by blindly following Iago when he had no other ground to make so but Iago # 8217 ; s repute as an honest chap. # 8220 ; I know, Iago, Thy honestness and love # 8230 ; # 8221 ; ( II, three ) . Another loss of Othello # 8217 ; s was his good name, his repute. The full consequence of this loss is non to the full seen in the narrative ; it is more something that is understood. Everyone looked up to Othello has a individual and as a function theoretical account, but after they hear what happened, his repute will be stained. He won # 8217 ; t be considered as great of a leader, which he really was. The cause for his loss in repute was Othello # 8217 ; s secret plan of blackwash of Cassio, one of his ain officers. # 8220 ; Within these three yearss allow me hear thee say that Cassio # 8217 ; s non alive. # 8221 ; ( III, three ) . Possibly Othello # 8217 ; s biggest loss was that of his ain life. Is at that place anything more valuable to one # 8217 ; s self than their ain life? Not merely did he lose is his life in physical sense, but he lost every facet to his life. He lost his married woman, his friends, and his repute among others. The loss of his lif e affected others to, merely like person else’s decease would impact a relation. What might do his decease have even more consequence is that he committed self-destruction. In most causes of self-destruction, the subsisters experience even more grief cause they wonder if they could hold done anything to forestall the violent death. Othello’s decease, and the other deceases created by the behaviors of Iago, filled the subsisters with much hanger and hatred towards Iago, as demonstrated by the words of Lodovico: â€Å"To you, Lord Governor, / Remains the animadversion of this beastly scoundrel ( Iago ) ./ The clip, the topographic point, the torture-O enforce it! † ( V, two ) . Possibly the biggest key to all of the other losingss is the loss of Othello # 8217 ; s mind. More and more losingss occur with the increasing depletion of Othello # 8217 ; s province of head. When Othello foremost heard of the possibility of his married woman # 8217 ; s unfaithfulness, he still had some saneness left in him ; but it was the first Domino of the many to fall. When he and Iago talk about Desdemona # 8217 ; s faith, Othello demands cogent evidence of Iago # 8217 ; s accusals. # 8220 ; Set on thy married woman to detect # 8230 ; # 8221 ; ( III, three ) . The more of what he heard about Desdemona # 8217 ; s supposed matter with Cassio, the more and more Othello started to lose control of himself and the state of affairs. # 8220 ; My Godhead has fall # 8217 ; n into an epilepsy./ This is his 2nd tantrum ; he had one yesterday. # 8221 ; ( IV, I ) . His head was so manipulated that he was neer in control of himself. When he learned the truth that Iago had used hi m, his last opportunity of saneness was practically shattered. The lone thing he had left was his sense of duty when he told Cassio to state what truly happened in his study after everything is said and done. # 8220 ; I pray you, in your letters, / When you shall these luckless workss relate, / Speak of me as I am. Nothing extenuate # 8230 ; # 8221 ; ( V, two ) . He realized that what he did was incorrect, and no 1 wants to be known for making something incorrect when it is non a good thing. But, he knew the truth and that what he did was incorrect, so he took duty. This was his last association with saneness, he shortly died, but he knew it was excessively late to travel on and that traveling on would be excessively painful. Othello # 8217 ; s defect was that he took for everything for how it seemed from a distance. He neer did research things for himself or inquire others for their position on the topic until it was excessively late. Shakespeare was wholly right in titling the drama The Tragedy of Othello, no affair which manner one is analysing the narrative, literary or by public sense. For every loss that most people would utilize to see it, there is defect that correlates with the literary definition of a calamity. Whether it was a little loss or a immense loss, it was supported with a error or defect of Othello. Othello created his ain ruin. Yes, it was with the assistance of Iago, but he still caused it. It merely took Iago to convey his defects to the surface. Iago was a maestro operator, Othello played right into his custodies, so Othello was merely a victim of Iago. 33d

Security Technology Evaluation of Bank Solutions

Introduction Maintenance of data security in banks is vital. Agency’s Disaster Recovery/Business Continuity Plan is needed to proceed with this process. This plan allows some parts of the business to continue operating without interruptions to the customers. CSIA 485 case study presents the failure in ensuring data safety with regard to handling of storage tapes.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Security Technology Evaluation of Bank Solutions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The system in use limits on accountability and credibility of data security. The plan which is used in CSIA 485 involves the development of information security policy, standard backup procedures, network design, information detection systems and various encryption methods. In the case of CSIA 485, there was a failure in system update. Such an incident was caused by some technical issues, which shows that the participants of the crit ical plan did not have adequate training on the means of using DRBCPs (National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2009). The IT problem the company faces is rooted in the sever inefficiency that can be mitigated through efficient upgrading of the bank data systems. Capabilities Servers have different designs that function to provide for networking, cooling, management, interconnection and dynamism in data management and control. Servers help in consolidation of data and software for effective management, security and sharing within the bank. This allows for moving of data, files, software and digital assets from laptops, desktops and mobile devices for central management and storage for the reduction of risks and costs. The shift is a vulnerable process since the bank intends to maintain process continuity as it upgrades the systems without disrupting services to customers. Through adequate training on the use of the DRBC systems, users learn the best ways of confidential shari ng of information within the bank. The technology shows security aspects relevant to the needs of Bank Solutions, Inc, which will allow for the development of standards of information security policy, backup procedures, network designs, information detection systems, and various encryption methods among others. The system assures reliability through central monitoring and ensures efficiency in system updating (Kim Solomon, 2011). The disadvantage of this system is that upgrading can make some of the bank employees in the decentralized data centers lose their jobs. Such a situation can lead to resistance from the staff members. Centralization reduces the responsibilities of staffs due to data centers. However, overworking server maintainers can cause delays in acquisition of authorization for access in critical times.Advertising Looking for report on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Cost The costs associated with the setup of a secure server infrastructure involve acquisition, setting up and ongoing costs. Acquisition costs involve the acquiring of software and hardware necessary for the setting up of the system. This includes variable costs of EDA and CAM/ CAD tools dependent on the number of engineers employed to work on the process. Setup costs involve professional services for constricting the storage server, application server as well as other applications. These costs involve the training of branch administrators on handling with daily operations for basic level support. Ongoing costs are classified in two divisions, labor costs and maintenance costs. Maintenance costs are fixed and used only on demand, while there is variability of labor costs. Each server in the company requires regular daily administration within the year for about 4 hours, and the labor involved costs about $50 per hour. Decentralization strategy for the servers will cost the bank $1.6 million – 52.5%, as a one-time h ardware, software and setup cost. Ongoing maintenance and support cost take 33% on a spending within 3 years. This can increase to 46% of overall operating costs within five years. To avoid the failure in systems’ updating, Bank Solutions can use a centralized approach to setup its server operations. Such a measure is helpful of reduction of setup and administration costs. Instead of spending on pocket servers for the use of few users, the IT managers can take advantage of economies of scale through the creation of few servers, storage servers and powerful applications. The cost of acquisition in the centralized system is $544,000 with setup being $33, 000 and ongoing expenses of $334,200. However, through the utilization of the power of performance efficiency of decentralized systems and the possibility of elimination of distance through virtual connectivity of users, the centralized solution is the best choice for the data security. It will help in reducing of acquisition c osts, setup and ongoing costs for short and long-term operations. Maintenance The maintenance of this technology is an issue, which requires comprehensive dissection to prevent any instances of abrupt failure (Slezak, 2009). For instance, the section of maintenance calls for periodical upgrading of software, computers, payments of employees responsible for taking care of the technology, replacement of hardware and other security equipment. The maintenance of the servers will facilitate security services to avoid detrimental complications of server issues. Users must be responsible for protection of sensitive data through secure management of passwords.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Security Technology Evaluation of Bank Solutions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The database administrator takes care of administration of databases, assigning local user roles and granting system privileges. It also requires the maintenance of underlying security in data transmission in various operating systems. Trusted application administrators help in creation and administration of accesses and user privileges as well as maintenance of security in the centralized enterprise. Avoidance of server issues requires ongoing checkups and proper management to ensure smooth running of the technical infrastructure. A barrier to success in the centralization of the server system can result from employees who feel that they may lose their jobs. It is also apparent that centralization increases responsibility of fewer IT specialists and calls for advanced trainings to handle the new systems. Requirements The security system must be FDIC compliant for the bank to develop a storage area network in the head office of the bank. The second one can be developed in one of the data centers with a reduction of server requirements to a single rack and elimination of patched storage of data storage tapes. The main server is c apable of rescuing information in the alternate data center within 5 minutes allowing customers and employees to continue accessing their accounts without noticing the failure interruptions. The achievement of this comes with its financial implications; such training requires huge financial commitment (Camara et al., 2011). Lack of required skills can delay effectiveness in convergence that can hamper the daily operations of the bank. Any slight hitch in shifting from decentralized to centralized servers, unless professionally executed, can hinder normal bank operations and lead to customer dissatisfaction. Such vulnerability requires thorough evaluation and timing of the transformation processes. Flexibility The setup has ample proximity advantage since it enhances the performance of Windows’ applications in the bank. Since users and applications are at the same location, high performance may be guaranteed. Centralization of the server system is flexible and not bound to spe cifications. It will allow the bank to make extensions on its systems and alter its layouts without resource wastages. It helps in consolidation and reduction of crowding of server racks in the data centers ultimately reducing the maintenance costs. Centralization allows for integration of operations and monitoring of the systems for the ease of cross sectional analysis necessary for upgrading the Bank Solutions information gained from all the departments regarding the customers, costs and employees’ data to ensure the effectiveness of updating.Advertising Looking for report on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Such an approach ensures the improvement of service quality. The system helps in enhancing performance through coordination of security, customer support and cost control. In CSIA 485 case, the failure happened due to obsolete servers which they were no longer necessary in the centralized system. This challenges the viability of the costing of upgrading resources since they are irrelevant to the new system. Feasibility Centralization of Bank Solutions, Inc seeks to address the issues in the server security system. The management should address such issues as updates of software, perform regular tests of item process facility, provide secure channels, partition employees according to levels of data access, and improve system efficiency as required by the bank. It will reduce the present data tape storage in unsecure means within data centers, external storage facilities backyards and at Bank Solutions Data Center East, which can lead to data being compromised. However, as the case of CSIA 485 shows, the disadvantage rests on IT professionals, who are in charge of the data centers, since their services become unnecessary in the centralized system, and it might lead to firing most of them, which can result in resistance hampering smooth operations in the bank. Conclusion The case of CSIA 485 requires that Bank Solutions, Inc centralize its servers to effect efficient management of the data systems. Through the adoption of efficient standards, the bank data remains secure and available to only those who receive authorization. Centralization will eliminate duplication of IT infrastructure in the offices and reduce on unnecessary IT expenses leading to high efficiency of utilization of resources and elimination of potential data insecurities. The company must be ready to incur the costs involved and take advantage of the flexibility that the system will provide. Through effective maintenance and availability of the necessary requirements, the company will be in a po sition of assuring customer satisfaction always. References Camara, S., Crossler, R., Midha, V. Wallace, L. (2011). Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity: A Case Study for CSIA 485. Journal of Information Systems Education. 22 (2), 117-122. Kim, D., Solomon, M. (2011). Fundamentals of information systems security. Sudbury, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning. National Institute of Standards and Technology. (2009). Recommended Security Controls for Federal Information Systems and Organization. NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 3. Retrieved from https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-53/rev-3/archive/2010-05-01 This report on Security Technology Evaluation of Bank Solutions was written and submitted by user Eliseo L. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Susan Glaspells essays

Susan Glaspells essays Although Susan Galspells play, Trifles, and her short story, A Jury of Her Peers, are both applications with resembling dialogues, each contains indicative dissimilarities of additions and alterations that can be taken into consideration. Together, these materials of drama and fiction investigate a murder focused on the final discovery of motive and incentives. Yet, despite the significance of their parallel schemes, their minor disparities are respectably interesting to examine. With a close observation, the two pieces of literature are comparative in respects to certain specifications in the short story, particular distinctions in the play, and pinpointable variations between the both. In Jury of Her Peers, Glaspell gives specific contributions that differentiate from her theatrical piece, Trifles. The primal difference is the added introduction set in Mrs. Hales kitchen, along with the description of her subconscious. With this, she obsesses over having to leave her kitchen untidy, consequential to her sudden departure, and recollects how it frustrates her to abandon tasks uncompleted. Another notable factor is the inclusion of the exact mentioning of March as being the month in which the setting corresponds. Also, the short story elaborates on the physical characteristics of Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters, states that they were merely acquaintances prior to the occasion, and explains why they accompany their husbands in the investigation. While Trifles does not mention Mrs. Hales first name or what relationship Harry has in the storyline, Jury of Her Peers designates these lacking details to be Mrs. Martha Hale and Harry as her son. In a continuance of details, the short story includes specifications of how long the Wrights have been married, twenty years, and who was the sheriff preceding Henry Peters, Sheriff Gorman. All of these portions play specific additional roles in t...

Study Guide for The Piano Lesson Play

Study Guide for 'The Piano Lesson' Play The Piano Lesson is part of August Wilsons cycle of 10 plays known as the Pittsburg Cycle. Each play explores the lives of African-American families. The dramas take place in a different decade, from the early 1900s until the 1990s. The Piano Lesson premiered in 1987 at the Yale Repertory Theatre. Overview of the Play Set in Pittsburg during 1936, The Piano Lesson centers on the conflicting wills of a brother and sister (Boy Willie and Berniece) as they vie for possession of their familys most important heirloom, the piano. Boy Willie wants to sell the piano. With the money, he plans to buy land from the Sutters, a white family whose patriarch helped murder Boy Willies father. Berniece, 35, insists that the piano will stay in her home. She even pockets her late husbands gun to ensure the pianos security. So, why the power struggle over a musical instrument? To answer that, one must understand the history of Berniece and Boy Willys family (the Charles family), as well as a symbolic analysis of the piano. The Story of the Piano During Act One, Boy Willys Uncle Doaker recounts a series of tragic events in their familys history. During the 1800s, the Charles family was owned by a farmer named Robert Sutter. As an anniversary present, Robert Sutter traded two slaves for a piano. The exchanged slaves were Boy Willies grandfather (who was only 9 years old at the time) and great-grandmother (after whom Berniece was named). Mrs. Sutter loved the piano, but she missed the company of her slaves. She became so upset she refused to get out of bed. When Robert Sutter was unable to trade back the slaves, he gave a special task to Boy Willies great-grandfather (after whom Boy Willie was named). Boy Willies great-grandfather was a gifted carpenter and artist. Robert Sutter ordered him to carve pictures of the slaves into the wood of the piano so that Mrs. Sutter would not miss them as much. Of course, Boy Willies great-grandfather missed his family more earnestly than the slave owners. So, he carved beautiful portraits of his wife and child, as well as other images: His mother, Mama EstherHis father, Boy CharlesHis marriageHis sons birthHis mothers funeralThe day his family was taken away In short, the piano is more than an heirloom; it is a work of art, embodying the familys joy and heartache. Taking the Piano After the Civil War, members of the Charles family continued to live and work in the south. Three grandchildren of the aforementioned slaves are important characters of The Piano Lesson. The three brothers are: Boy Charles: The father of Boy Willie and Berniece.Doaker: A longtime railroad worker who has for all intents and purposes retired from the worldWining Boy: A lousy gambler and formerly-talented musician. During the 1900s, Boy Charles constantly complained about the Sutter familys ownership of the piano. He believed that the Charles family was still enslaved so long as the Sutters kept the piano, symbolically holding the Charles family legacy hostage. On July 4, the three brothers took the piano away while the Sutters enjoyed a family picnic. Doaker and Wining Boy transported the piano to another county, but Boy Charles stayed behind. That night, Sutter and his posse set fire to Boy Charles home. Boy Charles attempted to escape by train (the 3:57 Yellow Dog, to be exact), but Sutters men blocked the railroad. They set fire to the boxcar, murdering Boy Charles and four homeless men. Over the next 25 years, the murderers met a dreadful fate of their own. Some of them mysteriously fell down their own well. A rumor spread that the Ghosts of the Yellow Dog sought revenge. Others contend that ghosts had nothing to do with the death of Sutter and his men - that living and breathing men threw them into a well. Throughout The Piano Lesson, Sutters ghost appears to each of the characters. His presence can be seen as a supernatural character or the symbolic remnant of an oppressive society that still attempts to intimidate the Charles family.

ED Clinical Pathways Improvement Evaluation in Saudi Arabia Research Proposal

ED Clinical Pathways Improvement Evaluation in Saudi Arabia - Research Proposal Example t the medical field in equal measures as the field of information communication and technology, as it continually undertakes research studies and development in order to improve service delivery that is aimed at improving the quality of life of patients with chronic illnesses and shorten the healing process of patients with treatable diseases and injuries. One such example that demonstrates how practitioners in the medical field work towards improving their service delivery is the through the clinical pathways, which is described by Poirrier and Oberleitner (1999) as â€Å"one of the main tools that are normally used in the healthcare sector to manage the quality of service delivery through standardization of medical care procedure and/ or processes.† With reference to the writings by Sorensen and Iedema (2011), clinical pathways have been referred to as medical guidelines of which when there are implemented in healthcare set-ups they normally lead to a reduction in the level of variability in clinical practices and they are capable of improving the quality of health, and hence the outcomes on patients’ recovery process. Snyder and Gauthier (2008) wrote that considering these pathways are developed and agreed upon by medical practitioners it means that they are able to promote organized and efficient healthcare practices that are based on evidence and validated outcomes. Lastly, Howick (2011) wrote that clinical pathways have been lauded for the fact that they optimize the outcomes in home care settings and even in acute care. It is important to note that normally these clinical pathways normally undergo periodic improvements or updates which most of the time reflect the advancements in the ICT sector, and they are normall y designed to improve the quality of healthcare and the outcomes of the recovery process. This present paper seeks to propose a study that is focused on investigating the extent to which physicians and nurses who have been trained on the

Revenue Management in Hospitality Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Revenue Management in Hospitality - Assignment Example The top 20 theme parks in North America have reported a footfall of 135.1 million with an annual rise of 2.7% over its 2012 levels, whereas top 10 theme parks in Latin America have witnessed a 3.8% growth in foot fall. Such increased level of foot fall is characterised by growth in leisure and international travels. Leisure travels witnessed an absolute growth of 11% from 2004 – 2013, whereas international arrivals saw a growth of 51%. The total visits of the top 20 theme parks in North America saw an absolute growth of 17% from 2004 – 2013, while the US population grew at 9% over the years. Disneyland opened in 1955 and Disneyland California Adventure was established in the year 2001 and offers host of services that include attractions, rides, shows, refreshment stands, merchandise shops and diners which are clubbed under various names like Carls land, Condor flats, Hollywood land, Buena vista street, paradise wharf, pacific wharf and bug’s land. It also extended its service portfolio to resorts and spas. Disney resorts have 2400 rooms, conference space of 180,000 and 50 vacation clubs. Down town Disney is another attraction that is spread across 15 acres that offers entertainment, dining and shopping facilities. It is next to Disneyland and Disney California adventure ((Disneyland. 2015a). Though Disneyworld is the market leader in the theme park industry, it still faces acute direct competition from Merlin entertainment and Universal studios. Disney’s theme park has witnessed highest total attendance of 132.5 million compared to Merlin and Universal group’s 59.8 million and 36.3 million. Merlin entertainment and Universal studio have witnessed high growth rate in foot falls from 2010 – 2013. All the three theme park groups have presence across various regions vis-a-vis US, Europe, Middle East and Asia. Merlin has more than 10 theme parks in different states of the US that makes Disney and Universal studios the only competitors in

Clashes of Race Essay Example for Free

Clashes of Race Essay Abstract The purpose of this paper is to explore racism and discrimination within America. It was also a goal to show the relationships between racial clashes throughout history, and what the purpose behind the clashes was. By showing these clashes society gets a better understand of what triggers these action within society. Running Header: CLASHES OF RACE: UNDERSTANDING THE PURPOSE In the rather complex world in which society dwells on, society lacks appreciation for the simplicity of the universe. one act or idea can spawn certain events that affect the course of history. To understand history, it is essential for society to look at the causes behind the significance of an event. racial discrimination has spawned social clashes between ethnicities for generations, and it continues to do so. to understand the significance of these events, it is important to analyze the source of these racial clashes throughout history. analyzing the sources of these events provides, if any, patterns of human nature in response to mistreatment due to racial profiling. it is also essential to analyze the basic principles of discrimination within the twenty-first century and what society faces in present day. Before analyzing racial discrimination in the twenty-first century, the importance of understanding the different types of racism is needed. There are two types of discrimination that society faces present day, direct discrimination and indirect discrimination. direct discrimination by definition, is when an individual or group is singled out directly by society or an individual based on there race. indirect discrimination is when an individual is singled out surreptitiously by an individual or group. this is more prevalent within present day culture, compared to direct discrimination. The reason being that racism in the twenty-first century is less acceptable among society. the result of racism is that it is less acceptable within modern day society is racism taking on a more enigmatic face. Running Header: CLASHES OF RACE: UNDERSTANDING THE PURPOSE social clashes that resulted from direct discrimination have been apart of america for decades. prime examples of direct discrimination are famously the wars and massacres enacted on early native americans. The reasons for these attacks on native americans were due to new settlers in america wanting to acquire resources from the natives themselves. The colonist’s believed that the natives way of life was inferior to their own, due to the savageness of their own human nature. This is a prime example of micro-aggression in early american culture. Such events such as the â€Å"trail of tears† and many other attacks on the native american’s way of life was justified due to the idea of manifest destiny, which is a belief that the territory was a divine gift to the american colonist. This resulted in constant conflict between american society and native americans in the twenty-first century. it is important to understand how micro-aggression works and operates in the twenty-first century. With modern society changing into a more diversified culture in the United States, it is important to understand how indirect discrimination works in modern society. Society by nature tends to group themselves within certain micro-cultures, it is important to understand this important dynamic due to its purpose within society. this dynamic by nature forces ethnicities to side with a certain set of social norms and values. (West,2004) examples of how this affects modern day society would best be described by conflict with interracial marriages and racial generalization. Ethnic grouping has been apart of america since the beginning of american society. the colonist settled in america based on their religions and values, in which the colonist Running Header: CLASHES OF RACE: UNDERSTANDING THE PURPOSE had previously in britain. more modern examples of ethnic grouping would be groups, such as the black panther party, naacp are examples of more modern cases of ethnic grouping. (Jablonski,2012) the common feature of today’s society, also well known as mass media, has a huge impact on racial conflictions with the populace of todays society. One psychological principle says that if an image or idea is shown repetitively that the image or idea will leave an imprint on the mind, later on making the mind recognize the image or ideology as† normalcy†. (Yosso,2002) the mainstream media controls the public agenda, as well as the emotions reflected within society. the mass media needs to recognize the effect in which it has on society, the purpose of the media should be to promote the truth of a matter accurately. This would help balance out racial out lashes between ethnic neighborhood, as well as riots and other ethnic protest. (Vann,2006) in recent times of society, racism in north america has went through a major transformation, especially after the post-civil rights era where the democrats believed in equality for all types of ethnicities that specifically did not get along throughout the history of racism in society(Wamsted,D,2012). This shows the progression of diversity within America. however, even with change in equality the south still shows a higher percentage of direct discrimination as well as indirect discrimination in modern day society than the north. Some examples of the result of discrimination can best be depicted is social out lashes of an ethnic communities. this can be shown through protest, as well as more Running Header: CLASHES OF RACE: UNDERSTANDING THE PURPOSE serious demonstrations such as riots. the causes of these demonstrations can be a number of reasons, but one pattern that is shown throughout history is that most social out lashes resulted due to mistreatment among their race. an example of this would be the los angeles riots of 1992. The riots resulted from six officers found not guilty that were accused of beating a black male, rodney king. the riots lasted for six days, and resulted in thousands of injuries and fifty-three deaths. (Watts,2011) however, not every protest result in death and injury. through the civil rights era many protesters believed in the nonviolent approach of martin luther king jr. most protesters believed in sit-ins, boycotts, and other forms of nonviolent forms of protest. however, the effects of racism and discrimination has not stopped america from diversifying, but rather fueled individualism among minorities within america. A study shows that more minorities are striving for higher education within america. derek bok reported in 2000 in his book The Shape of the River that eighty-six percent of black students who enrolled in twenty-eight selective universities across the nation were apart of the middle-class or upper-middle class. This shows not only an increase in african american on college campus, but also the percentage of success among blacks with a stable financial backing. This trend is important to understand due to the progression of diversity within america. It is prevalent that not only income have increased among african americans, but also the number of blacks going to college compared to college statistics of the 1990s and 1980s. (Harring-Smith,2012) to understand the importance of an action, is in essence the greatest ideology or knowledge to grasp. for every action within society has an effect on history. The Running Header: CLASHES OF RACE: UNDERSTANDING THE PURPOSE importance of diversity within society continues to show progression. however, racism will always have its place within society. Society has to continue to evolve as well as continue to educate the youth in society to limit the grasp that racism has on america, whether the discrimination is indirect or direct. â€Å"weve got to face the fact that some people say you fight fire best with fire, but we say you put fire out best with water. we say you dont fight racism with racism. were gonna fight racism with solidarity. †-Fred Hampton Running Header: CLASHES OF RACE: UNDERSTANDING THE PURPOSE References: Haring-Smith, T. (2012). Broadening Our Definition of Diversity. Liberal Education, 98(2), 6. Jablonski, N. (2012). The struggle to overcome racism. New Scientist, 215(2880), 26. Vann, A. (2006, June 29). Sometimes the allegation of reverse racism is camouflage for maintaining the status quo. New York Amsterdam News. p. 13. Wamsted, D. J. (2012). Opening Doors for Diversity. Electric Perspectives, 37(3), 26. Watts. (2011). Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition, 1. West, E. (2004). Expanding the Racial Frontier. Historian, 66(3), 552. doi:10. 1111/j. 1540-6563. 2004. 00088. x Yosso, T. J. (2002). Critical Race Media Literacy: Challenging Deficit Discourse about Chicanas/os. Journal Of Popular Film Television, 30(1), 52.

Romanticism Vs. Survival In Th :: essays research papers

An important theme in The Death of Artemio Cruz, by Calrlos Fuentes, was the comparison of romanticism and survival. This is shown through two important characters: Artemio Cruz, and his son Lorenzo. A romantic (Lorenzo) is a being that has ideals and fights for them. They know their goals and try to achieve them, while survivors have an only goal of keeping themselves alive. The survivors live through their choices and the romantics die as heroes, but each one complements the missing half of the other. Artemio Cruz is a typical survivor. He “knew how to fuck up other people and not get [himself] fucked over'; (PAGE 137). His choices allow him to survive and others to be killed. Although he lives through his choices, Fuentes shows through his interesting narrative device of expressing Cruz’s unconscious, thoughts and memories that he regrets and reflects upon while on his deathbed. When the second person narrator says that you “are going to live...You are going to be the meeting point, the universal order’s reason for being...Your body has a reason for being...Your life has a reason for being...You are, you will be, you were, the universe incarnate'; (PAGE 305), he is trying to show that everyone has a reason for living. Fuentes shows the reader why Artemio’s life is so important and why he believes that he is a model to the people. Artemio Cruz lives through his choices. He chooses to be a survivor, but each time he makes a choice, he leaves part of his romantic half behind since he saved himself instead of others. Instead of following his ideals, he follows his greed. He chooses to become rich and corrupt and to abandon his dreams, but he regrets doing a lot of those things because he killed many people in order to survive, including a part of himself. He said that he “could have died at Perales...with that soldier...I survived. You died'; (PAGE 236). After everything is passed, he stops to think about what he did wrong and regrets it, but at the time, he just cared about himself. When he went to war he met Regina and they started to have a relationship, but since he is a survivor, once again he saved himself. Regina got killed, but he didn’t. However, his son Lorenzo, has a completely different life story, but of the same importance.

The Bantu

LESSON PLAN GRADE 11 HISTORY. TOPIC: BANTU MIGRATIONS INTO CENTRAL AFRICA BEFORE 1800. OBJECTIVES: Pupils should be able to: Define the term â€Å" Bantu† Define the term â€Å" Migration† Explain the origin of the Bantu. Explain the causes of the migration and settlement of the Bantu Describe the ways of life of the Bantu. ORIGIN Bantu is a common term used to refer to the over 400 different ethnic groups of Africa stretching from south of the Sahara desert to South Africa that have similar languages and to some extent customs. Their movements are called migrations their large scale movements over long distances.It is important however to understand that these movement did not occur at once. They took place in phases. The Bantu speaking people were part of the Iron Age people from the Middle East. They settled along the banks of the River Nile. Later, they moved to North Africa and occupied some areas in the Sahara grasslands. From here, they moved to the area around L ake Chad, Nigeria and the Cameroon highlands area called the Benue-Cross region. However, some settled in the great lakes region in east Africa. These people were given the name ‘Bantu’ because of the imilarities that were noticed in their languages. For example, the prefix ‘ba-’ and the suffix ‘-ntu’ was common among the languages they spoke. To illustrate this, look at the table below which shows translations of the word ‘person’ and ‘people’ into some Zambian Bantu languages: 1 Language Lozi Tonga Bemba Kaonde Tumbuka Singular Mutu Muntu Umuntu Muntu muntu Plural Batu Bantu Abantu Bantu antu CAUSES The drying up of the Sahara grasslands. This led the groups that practiced agriculture to migrate in search of new fertile land and water for farming. There was population increase.This created pressure on the causing others to migrate in search for new land. Occupation, agriculture, hunting, blacksmith etc. Succession di sputes in some cases led to the migration of some groups. This normally happened when a king died and members of the royal family quarreled about who should succeed. Convicted people or criminals migrated in order to run away from being punished or killed. Tribal wars caused migrations as defeated tribes ran away from powerful ones for safety. Slave trade contributed to the migrations in that in order to avoid being ttacked and sold as slaves, some groups were forced to migrate to new areas. Some groups or individuals migrated merely for adventure. They did this so that they could explore and see what other lands were like.Ambition Another reason that led to the Bantu migrations was that of expansion. Some rulers wanted to expand their kingdoms and therefore migrated in search of new areas. 2 THE COURSE AND EXAMPLES OF THE GROUPS THAT MIGRATED 1. = 3000 – 1500 BC origin 2 = ca. 1500 BC first migrations 2. a = Eastern Bantu, 2. b = Western Bantu 3. = 1000 – 500 BC Urewe nuclus of Eastern Bantu . – 7. southward advance 9. = 500 BC – 0 Congo nucleus 10. = 0 – 1000 AD last phase 3 First group Passed through Congo Forest, avoided Zaire River and settled in Katanga or Shaba. This was about the 5th century. They settled here because of the fertile land, good rainfall, minerals, and grazing land. Interacted with the Portuguese who introduced them to new crops like, maize, sweet potatoes, and bananas. Second group Migrated around the 14th century. Settled western side of Lake Malawi. The descendants of this group are the Tumbuka, Nsenga, Kamanga and Tonga of Malawi.Another group of the Shona, Rozwi, and Karanga took a short cut, crossed the Zambezi River and settled in Mashonland. Third group This group had the Sotho and Nguni and went north east via Tanzania through the western side of Lake Malawi. They settled in Mashonaland. Here, they were forced out by the Rozwi, Shona and the Karanga. The group went to settle in South Africa. Th is was between 9th and the 14th century. 4 WAYS OF LIFE Economic The Bantu were agriculturists who grew crops like sorghum, millet, beans, maize, and sweet potatoes.They were pastoralists who kept animals like cattle, pigs, goats. They were hunters who hunted wild game for meat. They were also smelters and also made farming implements Pottery makers, made channel decorated type. Made baskets and mats. 5 Social Lived in small households. Households were made of pole and daga. Roof was thatched with grass. Huts built in a secular form Kraal built in the middle for protection of the cattle. Diet included fish, meat, and vegetables. Bark of the tree used as cloth. Political Family household under eldest male member.Family formed clans which formed villages. Villages headed by a headman. Villages formed a chiefdom or kingdom. Headed by a chief or king respectively. Religious Believed in a superior being. They called their superior being by different names. Their god would be approached b y leaders who were semi-divine. Had different spirits for different problems. Religious ceremonies held on tombs, under the msoro tree or any other sacred place. Cattle and/or other animals would be killed only during such ceremonies.  © One World Africa (Zambia) 2007 6

Are the Classical Functions Put Forward in 1949 Still Valid?

Academics for years have been pondering the effectiveness of classical approaches to newer conceptualizations within management functions. Are the classical functions put forward by Henri Fayol in 1949 still valid and true today? , or are the theories put forward by other academics such as Mintzberg more valid? , or would the scientific type management concepts be more fitting?. To answer such questions this report examines two Journal journals, â€Å"Are the classical management functions useful in describing managerial work? † (Journal 1) and â€Å"Some effects of Fayolism† (Journal 2).By analyzing the different arguments put forward, I aim to conclude which theory is more appropriate to management study today. In journal 1, Carroll and Gillen examine newer conceptualizations of a manager’s job, and compare its findings to that of Fayol’s classical approach. The basis of this evaluation is to determine which approach is more useful in determining the rol e of management for the purpose of management education. Journal 2 draws on Fayol’s theory of a set of activities that are common to all organizations, to prove the developed management functions.It then evaluates and compares’ this notion with that of Fredrick Taylor with reference to management fashions to determine which theory is more accurate and relevant to managerial conceptualization today. Journal 1 merits Fayol’s theory, in referring to the significance it has had in studying management. In examining 21 books published from 1983 to 1986, he found that all books mentioned Fayol’s functions to some degree. Fayol’s four classical management functions (POLC): Planning, Organizing, Leading & Controlling, have been adopted as the foundation for management study for a long time.Upon evaluating Fayol’s theory, empirical studies expanded Fayol’s functions to eight functions, now known as the PRINCESS factors (planning, representing, investigating, negotiating, coordinating, evaluating, supervising and staffing). In support of Fayol’s claims, such functions apply to ‘all’ forms of management. The author refers to a number of studies and experiments to show that time invested in the classical functions have brought positive results in areas such as organization performance, unit performance, managerial mobility and higher production records.Upon the empirical studies, there is sufficient evidence to merit the classical approach in its functions being used by managers. However Mintzberg did not agree with Fayol’s theory. Mintzberg felt that â€Å"Fayol’s fifty year description of managerial work is no longer of use to us† (Mintzberg, 1971 pp 39). Mintzberg proposed a different model consisting of ten work roles; interpersonal roles (figurehead, leader and liaison), informational roles (monitor or nerve center, disseminator and spokesman) and decision-making (entrepreneur, d isturbance handler, resource allocator and negotiator).However this model came under scrutiny by competing theorists. The author used many examples and refers to experiments done by other academics to criticize Mintzberg’s theory. McCall and Segrist (1980) limited the number of roles Mintzberg claimed, on the basis that certain roles overlapped each other and could not be called separate. Lau, Newman and Broedling (1980) limited the model to four factors (leadership and supervision, information gathering and dissemination, technical problem solving, and executive decision making) upon the findings of their experiment.The flaws within the Mintzberg Model rose due to the ‘observable physical’ approach taken. The journal stresses the importance of analyzing ‘neurophysiological activities’, as measuring physical managerial activities alone does not provide a comprehensive understanding of the managerial role, as it is rather a prominent ‘mentalâ₠¬â„¢ role. Non classical conceptualizations of managerial work (Mintzberg, Stewart etc. ) help define the nature of managerial work.However Fayol’s classical approach best conceptualizes management functions and a manager’s job, so it is the best source to be used for educational purposes. Journal 2 addresses two perspectives of management to evaluate the concepts of management fashion and its management recommendations. There is a logical supposition that organizations must strive to be unique in their business operations to have a fair chance of success, within competition. However the idea of management states presumes resemblance in all businesses, which calls for the profession of ‘managers’ to exist (Brunsson, 2008 pp33).This journal also recognizes the merit of Fayol’s theory in molding Management conceptualization. Furthermore recognizes the success of management recommendations listed by other theorists such as Mintzberg and Kotter, who ref er to Fayol’s functions to a respected degree. However the journal does not recognize any relationship between Fayol’s functions and organizational performance. Brunsson refers to Fredrick Taylor’s ‘bottom-up’ view to address this issue. Discussing managements recommendations in terms of fashions imply; â€Å"dissatisfaction ith the existing recommendations, and ambition to improve these recommendations, a sentiment that efforts at improvement, at least some of them fail, and some management recommendations should not be seen to belong to any management fashion. † (Brunsson, 2008 pp33) The journal promotes general management as a system of defining and classifying in order to improve organizational decision making. However empirical studies of managers shows an ‘mish-mash’ of those activities, implying Fayol’s theory of management has taken precedence of importance over the reality of management activities.This evidence ha s raised a new idea, that Fayol’s approach is no longer valid and â€Å"management order varies depending on the situation of a manager, and the position and personality of the manager† (Brunsson, 2008 pp42). If Fayol’s approach was scrutinized and his notion of general management was questioned, then Taylor’s scientific management concept may have prevailed and taken precedence. Both journals express the relevance and importance of Fayol’s classical approach to the development of Management study to date. However journal 1 implies that Fayol’s classical approach is more useful than other conceptualizing theories put forward.Journal 2 implies that the Fredrick Taylor’s scientific management principles are a more suitable and effective notion to define Management over the classical approach. In my opinion, Fayol’s classical approach holds the most credibility in studying management. I believe the depth to understanding manageria l concepts has no boundaries, due to the complexity of its study. As a result many theorists have attempted to understand this subject, and have criticized each other’s work, which proves there are no set guidelines to follow, it is rather subjective to its audience.However in my opinion Fayol’s four functions, cover the basis of activities involved to perform managerial duties. This statement is supported by the fact that it is a widely accepted approach and is used in all management textbooks. Fayol’s theory helps identify the functions clearly and distinctly. Managers are faced with decision making processes that have high impact on organizations. They are put into that role in the competitive industry, due to their understanding of managerial roles, so they can perform to their level best, and benefit the organization.Therefore as Fayol stated, it is important for managers to undergo training. Other theories put forward such as Mintzberg’s model, Kott er and Taylor’s scientific management approach, help us understand certain management functions in depth. I do not agree with some elements in Taylor’s scientific approach as to the difference in managerial work to Fayol’s theory which consists or a system of order. I believe that even in the ‘mish mash’ of overall managerial activities, there is a system of order and a logical process followed for each activity performed.However it is clear, that these theories are a product of evaluation on the initial Fayol’s classical theory. Therefore I believe Fayol’s classical approach still holds precedent, for purpose of managerial study and educational purposes. ? Reference list Brunsson, K. H, (2008), Some Effects of Fayolism, Int. Studies of Mgt. & Org. , 38, (1), 30-47 Carroll, S. J & Gillen, J. G, (1987), Are the Classical Management Functions useful in describing Managerial work? , Academy of Management review, 12, (1), 38-51

Toyota. Organizations Mission

Toyota. Organizations Mission Leaders have the role of developing their organization’s operating strategies, mission, vision, and corporate objectives. Management and human resources are guided by their organizations Mission, vision and objectives; their attainment leads to satisfied stakeholders. An effective mission, vision and objectives should be attainable and reflect the needs operation of a company. This paper analyzes Toyota Motor Corporations, United States branch, vision, mission and objectives.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Toyota. Organizations Mission specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Mission statement The company has a mission statement in the United States of America as follows, â€Å"To attract and attain customers with high-valued products and services and the most satisfying ownership experience in America†( Toyota Motor Corporation Corporate Website, 2011). The management either in Japan where the head quarters are, or in the United States branch are guided by the mission they want to attain. When one analyzes the mission statement, the company simply illustrates how it wants to add value in Americans life, through its innovative products. The mission has been attained through massive inventive and innovative of models, and involvement in corporate social responsibilities. When the company’s products are not offering quality as expected, the company recalls the products; this is in the efforts of adding more value to the Americans. Vision statement The vision of the company is â€Å"To be the most successful and respected car company in America (Toyota Motor Corporation Corporate Website, 2011). The attainment of the vision will only be realized after the company has set appropriate internal processes that target the American market; the internal processes that the company has implemented are aggressive marketing, innovation, research and development among others. The lea dership role in the country and the world in general was attained in 2008, when the company surpassed General Motors’ to be the world largest motor vehicle company by volume production and sales. The largest market for the company’s products is in North America.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Objectives The company’s objectives are in five-principle documentation, they are: Kaizen (continuo’s improvement): the company aims at improving its products and internal processes to ensure that they fully satisfy their customers, the recent development is the introduction of electric automobiles. Teamwork: the company has a motivated team, which aims at increasing the efficiency and operations in the company for the benefit of the company. Challenges: the company aims at facing challenges as they come, it is willing to face the situat ion in the world and probably offer solution. The objective is derived through massive research and development programs implemented. Respect: the company aims at preserving high respect for its internal and external customer, it also aims at being in harmony with the environment; to attain this objective, the company has a code of ethics that every employee need to employ the ethical code. The codes define ethics as a set of moral principles or values used by organizations to monitor the conduct of both the employees and the organization it in how they carry out their activities both internally and externally. Genchi Genbutsu (go and see); the company aims at developing internal processes and products through research and development programs. It has an active research team at aims at coming up with better products and processes (Hino, 2006). Conclusion Leaders have the role of developing attainable vision, mission and objectives; after developing the objectives, the next task is t o come-up with policies and strategies to see their attainment. The success of Toyota in the United States has been attributed to effective leadership that respects the company’s mission, Vision and corporate objectives.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Toyota. Organizations Mission specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Hino, S. (2006). Inside the mind of Toyota: management principles for enduring growth. Tokyo: Productivity Press. Toyota Motor Corporation Corporate Website. (2011). Toyota Motor Corporation. Retrieved from https://www.toyota.com/

Critical Essay on Cathedral by Raymond Carver

Critical Essay on Cathedral by Raymond Carver Critical Essay on Cathedral by Raymond Carver A first glance of Carver’s Cathedral gives one the impression that a religious theme is involved in the story. However, this perception is far from the actual content of the story. For instance, no cathedrals are mentioned until in the story’s third section. Even when a cathedral is introduced into the story, it is clear that no single character is actively religious. From this, one can argue that the title does not fit this particular story. Furthermore, the narrator in Carver’s story uses a conspiratorial tone to present his thoughts and experiences. To the reader, the story appears as if the narrator merely talks to the reader, not to pass any vital message, but rather to keep the reader amused. Additionally, from the narrator’s tone, one gets the feeling that the narrator is attempting to relate certain happenings in terms that are clear as well as precise. In recounting his feelings, the narrator does not get emotional or attempt to persuade the reader to develop a liking for him. A further implication from the narrator’s tone is that the story is about relating the incidents from a particular time, without influencing the reader’s feelings concerning the incidents. However, the reader can detect some sincerity in the narrator’s tone. The narrator does not attempt to hide the desperate situation he is in, nor does he attempt to deceive the reader into thinking that he is highly opti mistic about recovering from what befalls him. Thirdly, Carver’s story has a simple conclusion that leaves the reader highly intrigued. Although the ending is in one way or another predictable, it, nonetheless, gives the reader something to meditate upon long after finishing the story. The reader is left in suspense concerning whether the narrator’s feelings will endure, or whether his and Robert’s relationship will continue after the ending of the story. Furthermore, the reader is left to guess whether there will be significant improvements in the narrator’s bond with his spouse. There is nothing wrong with this suspense, though, since it helps to promote the idea of an intriguing story. The story’s most important theme is to savor the beauty of the moment. In addition to this, other elements in Carver’s story are perfect, such as the plot, setting, and the narrator’s point of view. Tips on critical essay writing: Critical essays are very interesting both to read and to write. Specifically, when critiquing the work of another person, it is unacceptable to solely concentrate on the negative aspects of the literary piece. It is impossible that a published work will to adhere to all the desired features of written work. For this reason, the writer should include a combination of the praiseworthy aspects and the deficient ones when discussing a work. Critical comments must be based on authentic evidence from the literary piece and from other resources as well. The second tip to writing good critical essays is to incorporate one’s own insight or original thoughts so that the reader will find the article interesting.

Ethics in Information Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Ethics in Information Technology - Essay Example The paper enabled me learning about the down side and the negative aspect of technology which comes in the form of security threat. I learnt this aspect and will help me working more actively and safely on the medium of internet. I also got familiar with the security aspect of cloud computing which is a concept of future days. It has given me a broader view of the ethical issues that are faced by the common internet user in the daily operations performing on internet. It will create awareness towards safe browsing and transactions of large scale. Through this learning, I will adopt number of different things like ensure more security towards passwords, be clear about whom to interact with online and who to avoid and also in case of file sharing, I will be further careful. Safer online operations mean safe working and this in turn means improved performance and quality work delivery. This in the end leads to much more improved career growth opportunities and excelling circumstances. This enables the company working successfully as well as the individuals. With the advancements in technology and I.T, the means of breaking into the network and other breaches also increase. This can be handled through equipping the devises more actively and further learning to operate safely through trainings guidelines and other related functions. Facebook for example is one of the largely used application however the considerations related to the terms and conditions of usage and various other online activities that are posted on the walls of the users profile make up for the concerns with respect to the social networking websites and the users safety. All this poses direct threat towards the users with regard to their privacy, family safety, financial safety and much more. All this can be overcome and prevented through the use of electronic mail. Hence electronic mail finds